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XKDR · India public finance

Karnataka state finances

Four findings from a decade of the state budget — extracted from the Detailed Estimates of Expenditure, reconciled across Python, R, and DuckDB.

11fiscal years
29demands (departments)
₹370,658cr budgeted, 2024-25

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Finding 01 · Where the money goes

Five demands dominate the budget

In 2024-25, Karnataka actually spent ₹368,397 crore — 99.4% of the ₹370,658 crore it budgeted. These five demands account for most of it.

₹63,017crore on Debt Servicing alone (2024-25 actuals)
Debt Servicing63,017Finance35,173Women and Child Development34,139Education33,653Energy31,438

Top 5 demands by 2024-25 actuals, INR crore. Source: canonical_numbers.json (onboarding).

Finding 02 · A service over time

Health is budgeted high, spent lower

Health (major heads 2210 + 2211) across the plan (BE), the mid-year revision (RE), and what was actually spent (Actuals). Since 2022-23, actuals have run below the budget estimate.

₹12,771crore Health actuals, 2024-25 (vs ₹15,047 cr budgeted)
BE (plan)RE (revised)Actuals (spent)
05,00010,00015,00020,0002016-172018-192020-212022-232024-252026-27

Health spending by fiscal year, INR crore. Actuals end 2024-25; later years are plan/revision only. Source: q1_health.

Finding 03 · The structural squeeze

A quarter of spending is committed

Salaries, pensions, and interest are committed expenditure — hard to cut. Their share of total spending rose from 23% in 2014-15 to 25% in 2024-25.

25%of all spending was committed in 2024-25
SalariesPensionsInterest% = committed share of total spending
025,00050,00075,000100,0002014-152015-162016-172017-182018-192019-202020-212021-222022-232023-242024-25

Committed expenditure (actuals), INR crore, with committed share of total. Source: q2_committed.

Finding 04 · A decade of change

The fastest-growing demands

Comparing 2014-15 actuals with 2024-25, some demands grew many times over. Energy rose roughly 37×, from ₹852 to ₹31,438 crore.

37×growth in Energy spending since 2014-15
2014-15 actuals2024-25 actuals× = growth over the decade
Debt Servicing63,017 cr · 8×Energy31,438 cr · 37×Women and Child Development34,139 cr · 10×Finance35,173 cr · 3×Revenue18,840 cr · 7×Education33,653 cr · 2×Home and Transport18,593 cr · 5×Irrigation20,619 cr · 2×

Demands with the largest absolute growth, 2014-15 vs 2024-25 actuals, INR crore. Source: q3_demand.

How these numbers were made

Auditable, not just asserted

Every figure here is summed only from additive leaf rows (type_of_table = object_head, row_type = Data, row_level = Object-Head) — totals and summary rows are excluded, so nothing is double-counted. The four analyses are implemented three times, in Python, R, and DuckDB, and must agree to the paisa.

0.000000crore max difference across Python = R = DuckDB
all amounts in INR crore (source data is in lakh; 100 lakh = 1 crore)
PDFevery row traces to a page of a source expenditure volume

New to the data? Read the visual guide, or reproduce these numbers with make -C examples reproduce. Generated from canonical_numbers.json.

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